乳癌的高危險因子

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer 乳癌的高危險因子



Sex 性別
The overwhelming majority of breast cancers occur in women. It does also occur in men.The ratio from woman to man is 135:1.
絕大多數的乳癌都發生在女性的身上，也有少數男性乳癌案例。
以人類性別而言，罹患乳癌的男女比為1:135。

Age年齡
As a woman gets older her risk of breast cancer increases. For example, at age 30, 1 in 2200 women develop breast cancer but at age 80 approximately 1 in 10 develop breast cancer.
以女性而言，年紀越大罹患乳癌的機率越高，就30歲的女性來說，每2200人會有1人可能得到乳癌；但以80歲的婦女而言，每10人就有1人會得到乳癌。

Race種族
Caucasian women have the highest incidence of breast cancer.
白人女性是乳癌發病率最高的人種。

Personal History of Breast or Ovarian Cancer 個人乳癌或卵巢癌病史
Women who have had a breast cancer in one breast have a higher risk of developing another breast cancer; either within the same breast or in the other. Women who have had ovarian cancer are also at a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
曾得過乳癌的婦女，有很高的機率會同側或另一側乳房再度復發。
曾得過卵巢癌的婦女也有很高的機率會罹患乳癌。

Breast Hyperplasia 乳腺增生
Women who have had a breast biopsy with atypical hyperplasia (ductal or lobular), lobular carcinoma in situ, or cellular atypia also have an elevated risk for the development of breast cancer.
曾因為乳管或乳小葉的非典型增生(ADH)、乳小葉原位癌(LCIS)、細胞性不典型而接受導引穿刺切片手術的婦女，都會有很高的機率會發展成乳癌。

Family History 家族病史
Having a strong family history of breast cancer (either maternal or paternal) increases a woman's risk status.
擁有乳癌家族史(無論是母族或父族的親屬)，都會增加女性罹患乳癌的機率。

Breast Density 乳房緻密度
Breast density tends to decrease as a woman ages. As she gets older the dense ducts and lobules (glandular tissue) get replaced by fatty tissue. High breast density, especially post-menopausally, is a risk factor for breast cancer.
乳房的緻密度會隨著年歲的增加而減少，當年齡增長時，乳房中的乳腺管和乳小葉組織(腺體組織)會逐漸被脂肪替代。尤其是停經後乳房仍然屬於緻密者，都是乳癌的高危險因子。

Hormones 赫爾蒙
The longer the breasts have been exposed to hormones, the higher the risk for developing breast cancer. Therefore, women who started menstruating before the age of 12 and stopped menstruating after 55 are at greater risk.
乳腺組織受赫爾蒙的影響時間越長，得到乳癌的機率就會越高。因此，初經早於12歲、停經晚於55歲的女性都算是乳癌的高危險群。

Child-Birth 生育史
Not having children or having a first child over 30 also increases a woman's risk. Breast-feeding has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk.
未曾生育或三十歲以後生育第一胎者都會增加罹患乳癌的機率。
也有研究顯示，哺餵母乳可降低罹患乳癌的機率。

Radiation Exposure 輻射線影響
Prior radiation to the chest area, especially during the period between puberty and 30 years of age, increases the risk of breast cancer.
在30歲前尤其是青春期時，胸部曾接受大量的放射線照射，都會增加罹患乳癌的風險。

Alcohol Use 酗酒
Studies suggest that greater than 2 drinks a day increases breast cancer risk.
研究顯示，每天喝酒超過兩杯會增加罹患乳癌的機率。

Hereditary Breast Cancer遺傳性乳癌
5-10% of all the breast cancers we see are likely due to an inherited mutation. BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are two genes everyone has. Certain people are born with a mutation of one of these genes and this mutation significantly increases their likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Some red flags in a person's personal or family history that would make us concerned about a genetic mutation are:
約有5-10%的乳癌和遺傳的基因突變有關，每個人的體內都有BRCA 1和BRCA 2這兩種基因，但有些人卻遺傳到BRCA 1和BRCA 2的突變基因，增加了罹患乳癌和卵巢癌的機率。在個人病史及家族史中值得注意的基因突變警訊如下：
*Breast cancer before the age of 50 曾在50歲之前罹患乳癌
*Ovarian cancer at any age 在任何年齡罹患卵巢癌
*Male breast cancer 男性乳癌
*Bilateral breast cancer 對側性乳癌
*Both breast and ovarian cancer 雙邊乳房和卵巢曾罹患過癌症
*Relative with a BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 Mutation 遺傳BRCA 1和BRCA 2的突變基因